The Watergate Scandal

Introduction The Watergate is one of the most famous scandals ever witnessed in the world. It occurred in the United States of America in the 1970’s, leaving traces that have formed part of the America’s history. It is an event that is known to have effected into great political and social changes in the United States of America.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Watergate Scandal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is termed as Watergate since its initiation involved a break-in to the Democratic national committee headquarters situated Watergate complex, in Washington D.C. At the same time, it was referred to as a scandal since it involved a long sequence of events following one another, i.e., starting with a simple attack but leading to very pronounced consequences, both to the involved individuals and the general public (Anderson 43). The scandal was characterized by very extreme cases of corruption, the break in, influence of mass media across the country, a prominent cover up involving major government official, and finally led to a first incidence where a president resigned before completing his term (Kaplan, 336). The investigations to this scandal revealed the involvement of prominent government officials in the whole affair, which deemed them untrustworthy as leaders of such a nation. There were many reasons behind the occurrence of the scandal, some of which have never been established, since the investigations could not come up with the main reason for the occurrence of the great scandal that caused a great concern throughout the nation. The scandal had very impetuous impacts on the involved parties, i.e., the five burglars were arrested, many officials in the president’s office were forced to resign after great trials in court and convictions, the mass media influenced the public in major ways, including producing contradicting information about t he whole issue. The scandal would be concluded to have its roots in the political rivalries, as a result of the ongoing campaigns by then. The campaigns are revealed to have had a lot of financial frauds at the period, which majorly involved the government officials. The burglars were considered to have been paid, and the payments were connected to mire finance that had been used by the election committee in the 1972, for the purpose of re-electing the president by the FBI. In an investigation carried out by the Senate Watergate committee revealed that the offices of President Nickson had a tape recording structure, which he used to record conversations. Additionally, the former office staff testified the then operating staff, this serving as evidence that all of them were involved in the scandal in one way or the other.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The revelations of the ta pes form the presidents office led to several convictions of the involved individuals including Richard Nickson the president. The scandal saw the president resign when he was summoned by the House of Representatives, almost leading to his conviction. The sequence of events that characterized the scandal were very dramastic, and whose way was paved by a break-in event, whose background was a corrupt government institution (Anderson, 79). Impact of corruption in the government institution The government institution by then was under the President, Richard Nickson, Having risen to power with not much opposition from his rivals. The cases of corruption were rampant during the election time, as evidenced by the money that the burglars had at the time of their arrest. The police found them with notes which had serial numbers that were following each other, showing that they must have come from the same bank and at the same time, the conclusion being that the money must have been given to them form a common source. During the elections, there had been well wisher groups and individuals who had chosen to give their funds to the election committee, for the purpose of re-electing the president (Kuper 15). The investigations that were conducted provided clear evidence, by revealing some of the government officials that were convicted under the cases of corruption. Jim McCord, who was among the arrested burglars during the break-in’s Saturday night, was a Securicor at the President’s re-election committee. The committee had been set up to oversee the re-election of the president. A diary that contained the phone number of Horward Hunt and Gordon Liddy was found by the investigation committee. The two held the positions of an intelligence government officer and a member of the white house plumbers respectively. These were positions that implied that a surreptitious panel of operatives was working for the white house. The investigations revealed the two as th e masterminds behind the initial break-in at the office of the Democratic national committee. The investigating committee revealed that according to the findings, there had been a large team that had been paid in order to spy the Democratic Party. Further evidence was provided by a cashier’s cheque that was included in a suspected burglar’s account, which showed a clear mark specifically inscribed for the purpose of the re-election campaigns; indeed, such evidence was very vital since it provided some clear information on one of the most un-anticipated Watergate scandal facts. The conclusion made by the investigation committee was that their campaigns for the Nick son’s re-election involved activities that were funded through channels that were illegal. This was revealed as the reason why the president had won the elections with a greater margin than had been expected (Kaplan 227)Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Watergate Scan dal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The corruption cases involved also other big officials in the government institution, including the attorney general Mitchell in 1973. The evidence provided by the recorded tapes that Nickson made it clear that even the president himself and all his officials were either directly or indirectly involved in the fraud cases. The evidence of a missing tape which had contained the information on the dealings of the planned break-in made it clear that all were involved since his secretary gave a false fact concerning it loss. The corruption evidence would also be considered pronounced in the fact that even if Nickson was convicted in so many cases, he was the only conspirator In the Watergate scandal who went away without being imprisoned, though being the greatest image in the whole issue (Kuper 27). The corruption has very pronounced consequences, both at individual level as well as at the public level . The figures that were the key players in the cases faced trial, conviction and imprisonment, including the arrested burglars, and except for President Nickson. Additionally, the major effect of the corruption in the government institution was the famous great in which was the key start of the Watergate scandal. Herein discussed, which happened at the Democratic office at Watergate complex. More to that , corruption is responsible for all the schemes that had been laid down by the conspiracy team to spy the Democratic party , a plan that lead to the break-in. The cases involved the entire government official, and as a result, there was a wide-spread mistrust by the public on the existing governance structure. This led to most of them resigning, including the president himself, Richard Nickson as another took over from him. Furthermore, the corruption cases were the root causes of every scandalous event that was experienced in the country, majorly termed as the Watergate scandal. Th e scandal had a very great influence on the media stations, which were working hard in order to reveal to the general public on the proceedings of the sequential events, including revealing the information on the recorded tapes at the office of the then President, Richard Nickson.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The negative part of the media is that different stations reported the same information but the facts were contradicting. Those that provided the public with the correct information also exaggerated, thus completely ruining the image of the government institution. The ultimate result was the resignation of the president plus some of the prominent officials, and finally the vice-president become the president, ultimately forming a new government (Kuper 52). The Watergate break-in The break in served as a key element to the great scandal. The event was witnessed at the Democratic National committee office suite which was situated at the Watergate Complex. The earlier investigations to these events revealed the scandal as an attempted burglary, but were later revealed as a plotted conspiracy and an action intended to violate the federal wiretapping laws, since the burglars were reported to have been planning that for a whole week. Five men were found at the complex, where they had gone to fix their bugs after taking their time to scheme the break in. Careful investigations revealed that the relationship of the men to the white house was so close, there fore were out to spy on the republicans rivals under their leadership. The whole incidence was related to political rivalries among the campaigners for president, since Richard Nickson at the time was the present president, who had risen into the position without much opposition, since his most of the contesters in the campaigns had easily stepped down, while others were not favored by circumstances (Kaplan, 336). The breaks-in victims were arrested in the night of their activity at the Watergate complex. They included Virgilio Gonzà ¡lez, Bernard Barker, James W. McCord, Jr., Eugenio Martinez, and Frank Sturgis. The security guard called wills had witnessed their actions and called the police for the subsequent arrest. After careful investigations, in January, 1973, they were all tried in court and convicted. The convictions were concluded to have a direct or indirect relationship with the CREEP, the 1972 re-election committee for the president, Richard Nickson. In addition, â€Å"the trial judge, John J. Sirica, suspected a conspiracy involving higher-echelon government officials† (Kaplan, 336). On the other hand the break-in evidence was provided by Mc cord wrote a letter to judge Sirica revealing that he was under political pressure. He pleaded guilty and at the same time implicated high administration officials. He explained the case of their former activities, emphasizing the role of the attorney general in the scandal. The evidence assisted in accelerating the scandalous issue into a political scandal; indeed, the break in burglars are said to have has an intention to collect some information from the office of the democrats, of which the main reason for the action has never been clearly understood (Kaplan, 336). Nixon’s role in the break-in The Watergate scandal centers on Nickson, the then president of the United States, when it occurred. He was the key layer in the sequence of all the scandalous activities that took place in the 1970’s. The break-in herein discussed was as a result of a plotted conspiracy by the then government institution, which was conducted by five burglars. The evidence of the investigations by the senate committee revealed that the money they had during the break-in night proved that they must have been paid to carry out a spy on the Democratic Party. Their convictions at the court of law were concluded to relate to the earlier presidential campaigns that had seen Nickson win the election un-opposed, becoming the president to the country. The cheques had marks that were a clear indication that the group had an illegal funding system. After the arrest of the burglars, the president realized what had happened during the break in. he played the main role in the cover up, initiated by the government officials as a way to protect them from facing the consequences of their deeds. Nickson’s office is believed to have had a very powerful tape-recording system, which had many tapes recorded on the planned conspiracy. When the investigation committee demanded the tapes from him, he denied having them, and his secretary he summoned not to give them to anyone. The secretary ended up hiding the one that would provide clear evidence concerning the scandal even after the president surrendered the rest. Subjectively, Nickson was aware of the entire plan, the reason for him taking part in the cover-up together with his officials. Furthermore, he must have been aware of the marked notes that were in use by his election committee, thus covering up would protect him and hence, he ended up playing a major role in the Watergate scandal (Norton, et al., 67). Government investigations of the break-in and the â€Å"cover up† The cover up by some of the government officials needed a serious unraveling, hen ce calling for investigation by the government. The investigation started immediately after the burglars’ arrests on the break-in night. The investigation entailed searches conducted in the hotel rooms that had been occupied by the burglars in the Watergate hotel in order to get a clear evidence of the on-going problem. However, an immediate cover up was initiated by the involved officials in the government, where Nickson the president denied either being aware of the planned scandal or knowing the arrested burglars which was a lie. The investigation revealed one of the burglars as a GOP security aid (Trachtman, 160). The attorney general to the election team also denied knowing the issue as well as the arrested burglars, though, being the leader in the re-election team, it was expected that he must have been aware of even how the marked notes with the burglars got out of office. The earmarked notes as earlier discussed were found in a burglars account and further evidence re vealed more accounts with the same kind of notes. This evidence showed that they had been using the money to cater for their expenses, in the previous months before the arrest. The conclusions made by the investigation team were that the team had been using illegal funding systems, which saw the defeat of all other contesters, and Nickson winning with a very big gap. The investigations also entailed the committee demanding the tapes that had been recorded in the president’s office to provide evidence for the conversations that had taken place. The cover up was evidenced by the president’s refusal to surrender the tapes to the House of Representatives. However, the investigating team later accessed the tapes that could not provide clear evidence to the main objective of the scandal. The scandal was a sequence of the break-in, the cover up and the investigations, all leading to the change in the government (Norton, et al, 69). Effects of campaign financing and subsequent changes Campaigns financing was the order of the day during the campaigns leading to election of the government officials. The evidence is provided by the fact that Nickson had formed an election committee that organized the funding plans. Form the amounts that were got in the burglary accounts, it is true that a lot of money was used during such periods. Several donors are said to have funded the campaigns even through illegal funding systems. There are major effects of the campaigns that were financed. First, the rampant cases of corruption that were experienced through the funding system were as a result of the campaigns financing. Secondly, it is said that Nickson had borrowed a lot of money to finance the activities, and ultimately led to enmity due to him never refunding the borrowed amount (Kaplan 490). On the other hand, financing the campaigns leads to the public being influenced to elect the poor leaders instead of what they would have preferred, simply because they have been lured using money. The subsequent changes that occurred were that Nickson was forced to resign as a president, and his office was taken over by his vice-president Gerald Ford, who issued a pardon to the former president. The government officials who had been involved were also forced to resign and were convicted by the court of law (Norton, et al, 78). The American media played a significant role in the process of extrication of the Watergate scandal; for instance, all the reporters from the Washington D.C and the New York times were very busy investigating the US political aspects with an intention of exposing the scandal. There have been various assumptions put forward concerning the burglary at the Democratic National Committee office, but there has not been the evidence for the main aim as had been set by the conspirators. The media revealed to the public all over the world that the arrested men had been after some form of information, though their plans were not accomplish ed. Through the media, there are evidences that the Watergate scandal was accompanied by aspects of falsehood, misrepresentation, underground pacts, and smear campaigns in political field. However, the media today is known to have redefined the position of the media in the world political affairs since they were involved in ill framing the Watergate scandal chapter of the history of America (White 7). Conclusion In conclusion, the Watergate scandal is one of the most prominent incidences globally. It was sequence of events that were termed as the scandal, ultimately leading to humiliation of political leaders and subsequent changes in the government. The break-in event was a prior planned centrally to the attempted cover up by the government officials. Financing of campaigns impacted negatively in the political realm, therefore, it was considered as a poor way of electing the appropriate leaders in a nation. The American’s have always remembered the scandal, taking caution to prevent a future repetition of the same (White 8). Works Cited Anderson, Dale. Watergate: Scandal in the White House. Minneapolis: Compass Point Books. 2006. Kaplan, Joseph. SAT Subject Test: U.S. History 2009-2010 Edition. Kaplan sat subject tests us history. NY: Kaplan Publishing. 2010. Kuper, Jessica. Political science and political theory. Social science lexicons. NY: Routledge publishers. 1987. Norton, Mary B. et al. A people and a nation: a history of the United States Since 1865. Volume 2. OH: Cengage Learning. 2009. Trachtman, Glaspie, Michael. The Supremes’ Greatest Hits, Revised Updated Edition. NY: Sterling Publishing Company Inc. 2009. White, Theodore. Breach of faith: the fall of Richard Nixon. London: Reader’s Digest Press. 1975. This research paper on The Watergate Scandal was written and submitted by user Emerald Eagle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Juvenile Boot Camps essays

Juvenile Boot Camps essays In 1983, the first Juvenile Boot Camp was opened in Georgia. These Juvenile camps have become a very popular answer in controlling the behavior of our youths. The adult system was using boot camps for a few years before the juvenile system did. The reason the juvenile system did not use them right away was, because there were questions about their appropriateness for delinquents. Due to the increase population of juvenile offenders, the facilities started to overcrowd. Therefore, the correctional officers had to turn towards boot camps as an alternative. But what exactly is a boot camp? Boot camps are military training that concentrates on discipline, and unquestioning obedience to orders. The most important goals for these programs are instilling morals and values, to make certain the offenders that they are accountable for their actions, and to increase academics (Austin, jones, bolyard, 2). Boot camps are not so much being used as a punishment for juveniles but rather a correctional facility. This program sounds so worthwhile but how effective are they, what kind of juveniles particularly get sent to boot camps, how much do they cost, how many are there in the country, what are the procedures and what they do at the camps, in what ways do they help the juvenile straighten up, and finally what other alternatives are there out there instead of boot camps? The answers to all of these questions are quite interesting. One aspect of Juvenile boot camps is whether they are effective or not. Studies have shown that boot camps help overcrowding and prison costs, but they fail in reducing recidivism rates of a program. If a program is working, it helps ease the impact of cost by taxpayers by showing them that their money is being used for an effective facility. However, data from around the United States show that boot camps have not produced a decrease in the number of boot camp graduates who are rearrested for other ...

Last Minute PSAT Cramming Tips

Last Minute PSAT Cramming Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The PSAT is coming upfast. Test day will be here whether you've been studying or not.For the SAT, I would recommend delaying for a later test date, but that's not really possible for with the PSAT. You may have less than three weeks left, which means you're going to have to cram. So? How are you best going to preparefor the ordeal? In this article, I'll guide you through how to prepare, including which techniques to focus on for each section of the test, not to mention test-day techniques (like whether or not to guess if you have no idea). General Guidance There are a few over-arching principles that are crucial to this process. Commit to a Strenuous Process Push yourself hard. Cramming for the PSAT is hard work. It will not, however, build muscles. This test is the NMSQT (National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test), which is huge news for any National Merit Scholarship hopefuls out there. The PSAT also indicates your likely performance on the SAT, which is great information to have. That way, you know what kind of a fight you're in for as you prepare for the SAT. (Speaking of which, don't delay studying so muchnext time, eh?) Time is of the essence, so make sure you spend it preparing for the test. Don't give up your homework, thoughgrades are hugely important in the bigger picture of college admissions: more important than the PSAT. That being said, the PSAT is not going to determine your fate. The National Merit Scholarship is nice, but colleges won't see your PSAT scores. You've got several more chances to knock 'em dead with your test-taking prowess. So, please: don't blow this out of proportion. Listen to Your Own Needs Rest is beyond important. Practice good sleep hygiene and enact a decently early bedtime starting a good week before the test. Your bodystarts storing sleep not just the night before an event, but the night before that. Plus, if your sleepis usually limited (or simply not great), getting enough sleep can make you experience some extra fatigue, initiallyso give your body time to adjust to getting rest. Temper healthy nerves by way of a reality check. This is an important test, and knowing that the stakes are high can give you some adrenaline and keep you committed to the task. At the same time, as we said above, it's not the be-all, end-all of your life, your schooling, or even your high school career. Keep your confidence, and your calm. Limit stress, fatigue, and pessimism (in other words, the effects of overwork). Monitor your mindset: this is an opportunity to shine, not just a chance to get stomped on. There will be more on this topic later, including specific tipsabout maintaining or regaining your cool in the midst of test day. Preparation You may not havemuch time, but you do have some. Put those last few days or weeksto good use! Cooking, like the taking the PSAT, requires lots of preparation. #1 Take a Practice Test The first thing to do is take a full-length practice test. It's best to take it under test-day conditions if you can, but, if that's not possible, just make sure you get through the thing. If nothing else, this will serve as an opportunity to get thoroughly acquainted with the instructions and what they mean in practice. This will boost your confidence and decrease the time you waste on test day trying to figure out what you're expected to do. This is also a chance to acclimate to the types of questions on the test. Take note of the style and wording of the questions. Especially note that not all questions are technically questionssome include a command term and end in a period. (This is the difference between, "What is the solution?" and "Identify the solution.") See if you can find any patterns. Certain types of questions and formats of possible answers show up disproportionately. Perhaps most importantly, a practice test will show you what areas need some extra attention. Ideally you should work every section of the test as you prepare, but give documented weaknesses a little additional care. #2 Drill Official Questions This applies to all sections: drill. There's nothing like having at some actual questions to show you where your potential difficulties lie. This is an area where both quality and quantity matter. You want to work as many problems as you can, but you also want to dissect what's going wrong when you make mistakes and work through the same (tricky) problems multiple times, to get the hang of those routines. The more you go through the process, the more comfortable that process will become. #3 Reading: Read a Lot You don't have a lot of time, but spend your spare minutes immersed in literature. You're going to be doing a lot of reading on both the Reading Test and the Writing and Language Test. Do your best to become at ease with finding yourself at the bottom of a flood of tricky words. Granted, this would work better if you were starting the process sooner, but even just acclimating to doing that much reading in a short period of time can be useful. If you dive right in now, it'll seem less horrific by test day. This cactus didn't prepare before test day, and now see how overwhelmed he is? Now, I also don't mean you should ditch your homework in favor of the average comic book. Rather, I mean you should spend every spare moment reading The New York Times, Shakespeare's canon, ofFahrenheit 451. Not all reading is created equal. Reading for pleasure and entertainment is amazing. Right now, though, our focus is this test. Reading what's uncomfortable and unfamiliar builds new connections in your brainnot to mention that there's just more meat to dissect, and dissecting text is exactly what the test wants from you. The PSAT is going to present some pretty dense text, and you need to be at least somewhat used to looking at non-contemporary, formal, and/or academic literature. Read attentively and read critically, and get in as much as you can. #4 Writing and Language: Review Basic Grammar You need to know the basic rules that govern sentence structure, etc. (If you have more time, go more in depth.) It's important to know these rules; you can't just follow your ear. As any theater practitioner will tell you, pauses, like emphasis, are completely subjective. I can pause wherever I want in a sentence, and often that will change the implications or even the primary interpretation of the sentence. Don't hang your grammatical hat solely on what sounds right to you, because the test-makersmight have a different intention. Commas, semicolons, em-dashes, and all the rest of those punctuation marks serve strict grammatical purposes, telling us where units of thought begin and end (among other things). It's nuanced, and it's more exactingthan our personal patterns of everyday speech make it out to be. #5 Math: Get Comfortable with Your Tools Review the formulas that will be given to you on the test, as well as those you'll need to have memorized. As for the ones in your test booklet, they're no good to you if you barely recognize them; get familiar with them. As for the rest, you'll be on your own on test day when you find you need them. Practice rearranging equations; there's alot of algebra on this test, and mathematical manipulation is one of the primary skills that the test-makerslook at. Make sure you're comfortable with your calculator. Even if you've been using it in math class, try it out on some of the math problems that you're drilling (right?). There are a few odd functions that'll come in handy, and you may or may not be familiar with them now. Also make sure your calculator is approved. Don't bring an abacus to the PSAT. Test-Taking Tips No matter how much studying you've done (or haven't done), there are a few solid principles that can make test day run much more smoothly. Warm Up the Morning Of Wake up, stretch, do your thingand then do a bit of a warm up. Review tricky practice problems that you've persevered in mastering, and try a fresh, new problem or two. Don't go beyond a simple warm-up, though: don't try to cram new material into your head. At best, it won't stick; at worst, it will muddle you up and stress you out. Feeling Panicky? Work It Out Self-talk is huge. How are you treating yourself? Kindly? Gently? Compassionately? Avoid being harsh or judgmental. Instead, affirm your assets: you've prepared, and you're ready. Put your game face on. Visualize the specifics of what's going to happenand how you're going to handle it all like a champ. Let's try not to end up like this guyhe's not eveninside the test center yet. Answer Every Question There's no guessing penalty, so you can'tlose anything by bubbling in a choice. Do what you know how to do first. Next, eliminate answers where you can. Then, guess away! Guess on everything that's left. Leave nothing blank. To use this technique to your especial advantage, take a moment to read about how to guess strategically. Test-Taking Tips #2 No matter how much studying you've done (or haven't done), there are a few solid principles that can make test day run much more smoothly. Warm Up the Morning Of Wake up, stretch, do your thingand then do a bit of a warm up. Review tricky practice problems that you've persevered in mastering, and try a fresh, new problem or two. Don't go beyond a simple warm-up, though: don't try to cram new material into your head. At best, it won't stick; at worst, it will muddle you up and stress you out. Feeling Panicky? Work It Out Self-talk is huge. How are you treating yourself? Kindly? Gently? Compassionately? Avoid being harsh or judgmental. Instead, affirm your assets: you've prepared, and you're ready. Put your game face on. Visualize the specifics of what's going to happenand how you're going to handle it all like a champ. Let's try not to end up like this guyhe's not eveninside the test center yet. Answer Every Question There's no guessing penalty, so you can'tlose anything by bubbling in a choice. Do what you know how to do first. Next, eliminate answers where you can. Then, guess away! Guess on everything that's left. Leave nothing blank. To use this technique to your especial advantage, take a moment to read about how to guess strategically. Test-Taking Tips #3 No matter how much studying you've done (or haven't done), there are a few solid principles that can make test day run much more smoothly. Warm Up the Morning Of Wake up, stretch, do your thingand then do a bit of a warm up. Review tricky practice problems that you've persevered in mastering, and try a fresh, new problem or two. Don't go beyond a simple warm-up, though: don't try to cram new material into your head. At best, it won't stick; at worst, it will muddle you up and stress you out. Feeling Panicky? Work It Out Self-talk is huge. How are you treating yourself? Kindly? Gently? Compassionately? Avoid being harsh or judgmental. Instead, affirm your assets: you've prepared, and you're ready. Put your game face on. Visualize the specifics of what's going to happenand how you're going to handle it all like a champ. Let's try not to end up like this guyhe's not eveninside the test center yet. Answer Every Question There's no guessing penalty, so you can'tlose anything by bubbling in a choice. Do what you know how to do first. Next, eliminate answers where you can. Then, guess away! Guess on everything that's left. Leave nothing blank. To use this technique to your especial advantage, take a moment to read about how to guess strategically. Test-Taking Tips #4 No matter how much studying you've done (or haven't done), there are a few solid principles that can make test day run much more smoothly. Warm Up the Morning Of Wake up, stretch, do your thingand then do a bit of a warm up. Review tricky practice problems that you've persevered in mastering, and try a fresh, new problem or two. Don't go beyond a simple warm-up, though: don't try to cram new material into your head. At best, it won't stick; at worst, it will muddle you up and stress you out. Feeling Panicky? Work It Out Self-talk is huge. How are you treating yourself? Kindly? Gently? Compassionately? Avoid being harsh or judgmental. Instead, affirm your assets: you've prepared, and you're ready. Put your game face on. Visualize the specifics of what's going to happenand how you're going to handle it all like a champ. Let's try not to end up like this guyhe's not eveninside the test center yet. Answer Every Question There's no guessing penalty, so you can'tlose anything by bubbling in a choice. Do what you know how to do first. Next, eliminate answers where you can. Then, guess away! Guess on everything that's left. Leave nothing blank. To use this technique to your especial advantage, take a moment to read about how to guess strategically. Conclusion It's always best to start any study program with plenty of time before an exam. When that doesn't happen, though, or when it's just not possible, some types of cramming are smarter than other types of cramming. When it comes to the PSAT, taking a practice test and drilling extra practice questions can give enormous benefits. Beyond that, a lot of it is reading and reviewing basic rules. Also, remember: you're going to be working hard, so it's especially important to take intentional care of yourself. What's Next? Learn about the score range associated with the PSAT, so you know what general kinds of numbers you might expect to see when scores come out. Wondering exactly when scoreswill come out? It's a great idea to check out the dates to look for. If you're not sure what agood score might look like, though, take a moment to read about why that's a more complicated question than it seems. Get a sense of what an appropriate goal would be for you, while you're at it. Don't repeat the procrastinate-and-cram cycle for the SAT; start preparing earlier next time around. Take practice tests, and consider an SAT preparation program: PrepScholar has a great, customized program developed by experts, complete with a score-improvement guarantee.

Coca-Cola Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Coca-Cola - Assignment Example It has targeted different age groups with different products, for example, using one of its products Fanta to target children and its main product Coca Cola to target the youth and the middle class as it says, â€Å"When you take this product you look hip and trendy†. The company has also collaborated with other leading companies in other fields like Puma, Nike and other sports bodies in joint sponsorship of various games like the Olympics and the World cup (Bell, 2009). The company has come to understand that when you engage the consumers, they in turn buy your products and give their opinions on how best to improve the product. Coca-Cola has managed to withstand strong competition from other emerging companies due to its huge market share and customer company loyalty. The company has also embraced technology and hence improved efficiency in its operations and production capacity. The company has taken up causes like collaborating with World governing body FIFA to end racism within the football fraternity. Such noble causes endear the company to the masses and ensure that the relationship continues and prospers since they feel the company cares about

Clifford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Clifford - Essay Example Evidential theory was therefore seen as an attempt to disrupt the peoples believes in God, because it justified an action basing on the existence of an evidence to support the claim. The position of this paper, is that the theory of evidentialism is the best method of justifying the occurrences of events and a belief in a deity. Arguments: According to the theory of evidentialism, an individual needs to believe an issue or an idea only if there is sufficient evidence that proves the issue or idea is correct. Clifford (2) argues that there is no justification for an individual to believe on a claim or idea without observing any sufficient evidence. According to Clifford (2) this kind of a person violates the law that regulates the ethics of belief. On the other hand, Clifford also argues that when the evidence is sufficient enough to prove a claim, and people still do not believe a claim, then these people are also guilty of breaching the laws that regulate the ethics of belief (Cliff ord, 7). On this basis, it is important to denote that belief has a law, and the main tenet of this law lies on the existence of an evidence. Clifford (1) effectively manages to use the example of a ship owner for purposes of explaining and justifying his theories of evidentialism. For instance, Clifford denotes that a ship owner failed to observe the laws that govern the ethics of belief by allowing his ship to sail, when he had doubts over the capability of the same ship to make a voyage. The ship under consideration was old, and needed many repairs (Clifford, 2). Despite these facts, the ship owner decided to allow the ship to make a voyage, just because the same ship had made many successful voyages before, and in the same condition. This, in Clifford’s view is against the laws that govern and regulate the ethics of belief. On this basis therefore, the ship owner was wrong, and it doesn’t matter whether the voyage was successful or not. From his explanations, we ca n denote that Clifford was of the opinion that the ship owner had an option of carrying out an investigation to prove on the ability of the ship to make a voyage. This is by making the necessary repairs, and having experts to examine its capability. The ship owner comes under severe criticisms from Clifford, because his actions were based on faith and providence, and in Clifford’s opinion, these do not justify the belief of a claim (Clifford, 12). Clifford also gives an explanation of consciousnes

Family Essay Example for Free

Family Essay The Conservative party wishes to try and tackle Homophobia, especially inside sport. The Conservatives also want to make businesses and work places much more LGBT (Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender) friendly. The Conservatives are currently debating to try and make same sex marriages legal. Businesses: The Conservatives are trying to help out smaller businesses, and have already doubled small business rates. Which means 330,000 small businesses will not have to pay any business rates until April 2013. The Conservatives have introduced a National Insurance holidays to businesses outside the South East and London. Big Society: Conservatives are currently trying to encourage volunteering, which is a scheme to bring together young people from different back grounds. The Conservatives have started training Community Organisers to identify local leaders and bring people ogether so that these people can act on what is most important to their community. A nuclear family is a universal term to describe a two generation combination/ grouping usually consisting of a father, mother and one or more children (usually two children). They would live in the same household all together to make up the nuclear family. A nuclear family is a universal term to describe a two generation combination/grouping usually consisting of a father, mother and one or more children (usually two children). They would live in the same household all together to ake up the nuclear family. A nuclear family is a universal term to describe a two generation combination/grouping usually consisting of a father, mother and one or more children (usually two children). They would live in the same household all together to make up the nuclear family. A nuclear family is a universal term to describe a two generation combination/grouping usually consisting of a father, mother and one or more children (usually two children). They would live in the same household all together to make up the nuclear family. A nuclear family is a universal term to describe a two generation combination/grouping usually consisting of a father, mother and one or more children (usually two children). They would live in the same household all together to make up the nuclear family. A nuclear family is a universal term to describe a two generation combination/grouping usually consisting of a father, mother and one or more children (usually two children). They would live in the same household all together to make up the nuclear family. v v A

Suicide Essay -- essays research papers

Suicide is the third leading cause of death for people age 15 to 24. Accidents are number one and homicide just passes up suicide and come in second. According to the National Mental Health Association, â€Å"Each year, almost 5,000 young people, ages 15 to 24, kill themselves. The rate of suicide for this age group has nearly tripled since 1960†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (1). More and more teenagers are being pushed to the edge, as explained in the story of eighth grader, Luis. Luis was the skinniest eighth-grader in his class. He also wore glasses and had braces on his teeth, and the other students picked on him every day. They thought it was fun to push Luis into lockers and steal his money, because he was too weak to fight back. The teachers never did anything about it. "I should just kill myself," he thought, "then they would be sorry." He pictured them all at his funeral, wishing they had been nicer to him. After one very hard day at school, Luis decided it was time to teach them a lesson. He swallowed about twenty sleeping pills. Then hey just lay on his bed and felt glad that the other kids were going to regret making his life so hard (Schleifer 25). Teen suicide effects everyone; whether friends, family, or peers. There are many things that cause the need for suicide; there are many obvious warning signs, and also many ways to prevent someone from committing suicide. Even though most teens know that suicide is not a good way to solve their problems, there are many things that just push teens over the edge and cause them to commit suicide. Teens often feel alone, abandoned, ignored, or rejected and they feel that the only way to get some attention is to try to kill themselves. A feeling of hopelessness, depression, low self-esteem, and feeling like a failure are all of the main reasons why suicide is committed so often. Pressure can come from family, work, school, or friends to try to do better then the teen can actually achieve. Everyone knows how it feels to be close to someone and when that relationship is shattered, so is the person's esteem. When breaking up with a significant other, teens often feel very alone and that life can't go on without that other person who is now missing in their life. Even if that important relationship wasn't a romantic relationship, it can still greatly affect a person. If a teen moves away or has a close friend move away, th... ...no one can talk them out of it. Most of the time teens don’t want to die; they are just trying to reach out for help. If you try to help them, they will probably not go through with it. Talking to a depressed friend or family member about suicide will not put ideas in their heads. If anything, they may have been considering suicide and will most likely not go through with it if you talk about their problems with them. According to Suicide Wise, â€Å"The attempted suicide rate for high school females is more than twice as high as for males†(6). Teen suicide is a very hard thing to deal with considering there are many causes, effects, and ways to prevent suicides from happening to those who are close to us. A way to summarize what all of the possible causes for suicide are, is pretty much anything that would make someone very sad, depressed, or just very stressed out. Teens who feel they need to commit suicide often leave warning signs that are very obvious. They are just looking for someone to talk to and somewhere to get help with their problems. Suicide is the ultimate act of selfishness because teens do not understand how many people they are hurting by carelessly ending their life.

Finding Scripture: Knowledge, Purpose and Suffering Essay

For Part 1 of this assignment, you will complete this worksheet by finding the Scriptures listed below. Watch the â€Å"Suffering and Death† video located at http://lc.gcumedia.com/zwebassets/courseMaterialPages/cwv101_vpv01GUI.php Please keep your answers brief. Solid academic writing is expected. Refer to the GCU Academic Writing Guidelines in the Student Success Center. Give a brief summary after each passage listed below. Knowledge: 2 Timothy 3:14-17 – writings that those who followed Christ would be accepted by God 2 Peter 1:21 – those that believed, followed what God said Hebrews 1:1 – God taught his people everything  Psalm 19 – Even though God can’t talk back to us, he can hear everything that we speak of. Write 2-3 sentences explaining how the four passages above might shape the Christian worldview: Through all of life’s lessons we have one person to thank and that’s God. He is always there when we need him, even though he may not be able to give us the answers we are looking for he will lead us in the right path. Give a brief summary after each passage listed below. Purpose: Genesis 37-50 – Ecclesiastes 3:1-13 – God has created a place and time for all of us. No matter what situation we are in, he will always be there for us Romans 8:28-39 – No matter what happens to us God has a purpose for us, and will always show our love towards him Write 2-3 sentences explaining how the three passages immediately above might shape the Christian worldview: Explains to us that no matter what happens in life, God is always there. He will never give us something we can’t handle. He has a purpose for everyone, even though we may not understand it at the time we will make it through. See Part 2 of this assignment on the next page. Part 2 – Journal on Suffering Use the space below to compose a journal of 250-500 words on suffering by answering the following: Describe a time when you entered a prolonged period of suffering and how you responded in body, soul, and spirit. In other words, how did you deal with that time mentally, emotionally, physically, and spiritually? What did you run to in order to find comfort and to ease the stress and pain of that trial? In what ways did that time challenge, refine, or confirm your worldview? APA is not required for this assignment but solid academic writing is expected. A time where I entered a prolonged period time of suffering was when my grandpa passed away September 8, 2009. I was only 21 years old, and I spent the last week of his life by his side in a nursing home. Grandpa and I were very close, and I cherished every moment we spent together. During his last week my aunt and cousin (whom are witnesses) went over a bunch of different scriptures each night and they would explain the meanings behind them and why they were so important for us to read at that time. The day of his funeral I cried and felt so empty inside until I walked into the church. Even though I cried throughout the whole funeral service, I felt a weight lifted off my shoulders. It was one of the hardest times I have ever had to deal with. Weeks, even years have passed, we have lost seven more family members since then, and I still can’t overcome the fact that my grandpa is no longer with us. My heart still feels like it has a part missing and it won’t ever be full. I eventually turned to my cousin and aunt down in Tennessee to talk about everything that I was feeling. It helps a little bit but it’s still very hard. One thing that I found myself turning to for the first year after grandpas passing was alcohol. At the time I thought it was going to help me stop feeling the way that I was. Soon I found out that it was just making things worse. So to keep myself busy, and to keep me away from turning to alcohol I started working more, hanging out with friends at home instead of the bars, and I also got back into school. I don’t feel like grandpas passing changed/refined/ or confirmed my worldviews at all. With my aunt and cousin being witnesses, they would talk about the differences with how they read the bible and the Christians read the bible which made me do a lot of thinking on things, but it never changed my worldviews.

Studies in Maltese Architecture

Surveies in Maltese Architecture The Manoel Theatre jpg/640px-Manoel_theatre_%2812843882153%29.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1463861.001.jpg">The Manoel Theatre, or as normally referred to in the Maltese linguistic communication, ‘Teatru Manoel ‘ , is one of the most of import and important memorials shacking in Malta since it a really old theater amongst the other few in all of Europe. This Theatre stretches back to the eighteenth century when it was inaugurated in January of 1732 in the bosom of Valletta, which means it has survived a long period of histories and now it holds within it a heritage which is unreplaceable and alone. Dating back to the early old ages of the eighteenth century, the Grandmaster of the Order of Malta at that clip was Grandmaster Antonio Manoel de Vilhena. As a swayer, he planned and constructed assorted military and civil edifices, such as the garrison in Marsamxett known as Fort Manoel. Fortunately, at that clip, the Grandmaster started to admit theatrical public presentations by the Italian knights of the Order of St. John ( in their hostel ) , every bit good as a Maltese group that used to play comedies and musical amusement, ( in the same hostel ) some of which were rather successful. Therefore Grandmaster Antonio Manoel de Vilhena set up a foundation (Fondazione Manoel) which decided to buy two houses in Strada del Carmine, now known as ‘Triq it-Teatru l-Antik ‘ , at the cost of 2,186scudiso that a new theater could be built at this location. Francois Mondion is said to hold been one of the senior designers employed by Grandmaster Vilhena, that designed and built the new theater, but there is still doubt and uncertainness regarding who the existent designer of the theater was. On the 16th of March 1731, work started on site which was of an country of 94.5 square canes, which was a Maltese unit of measuring used at that clip and consequences to about 414 m? . Since many old ages have passed since the twenty-four hours it was built, the aesthetics, frontage and form are without any uncertainty different from what had been originally constructed in 1732. However, it can still be pointed out that there is a great chance that it might hold been influenced by two theaters in Palermo at that clip. Besides, it is clear that the original form of the auditorium was in the signifier of a U, being described ( by De Lucca and Tonna ) as somewhat retrograde for its clip, with the phase being projected by two consecutive sides. The modern-day papers Cabreo Vilhena describes the interior portion of the theater as it was formatted originally, holding a sum of 39 boxes and a cavity furnished with benches. The boxes were divided into three grades: the first grade being used by the grandmaster ‘s pages ; the 2nd grade was used by the grandmaster and his cortege ; and the 3rd grade was known as ‘the Gods ‘ where the seats are rather high and distant from the phase. A figure of appliances and machines used to do scenes even more Godhead and spectacular where found on the same degree of ‘the Gods ‘ grade. The Manoel Theatre was and still is a theater which maps like many others with some of its parts being the wings and background, every bit good as â€Å"a shop room for the lamps that illuminated the auditoriumâ€Å" . The wing is the country and portion of the phase which is used by the performing artist to fix to come in and is besides used as a storage infinite for set scenery and proficient equipment. Obviously, this portion of the theater is masked by legion long curtains for privateness. On the other manus, the background was the background to any scene of a phase set. Manoel Theatre besides had: the chief entryway ; the phase ; a little room for invitees (saletta) ; a corridor in the signifier of a U-shape ; and a basement found below the phase. As can be seen by the exposure of the original frontage of the theater below, two olympian pillars flanked the front door and supported the balcony above it. The whole Manoel Theatre was surprisingly finished and completed after a sp eedy 10 months. At the early times of Manoel Theatre ‘s startup, the Baroque manner was booming and at its highest point in Europe. Architecture was non the lone of import factor during churrigueresque clip but other factors should be considered. Performing humanistic disciplines such as opera itself were going really of import during this clip and could be categorized into two parts:‘opera seria ‘and‘operabuffa ‘. This means that great public presentations and composings were expected to come with this new theater, besides with the reaching of celebrated composers. The 19th of January 1732 marked an of import day of the month for the Manoel Theatre since the first public presentation was held on this day. ‘Merope ‘( as it was called ) depicted calamities of that century and was acted by the Italian knights of the Order themselves as a mark of regard and baronial work chosen for the startup of the theater. Following this public presentation, were two comedies traveling by the name of ‘Il Giocatore Disperato ‘and ‘Don Pilone ‘. Besides, other public presentations were held during this clip, largely comedies, but unluckily their names are unknown so non much information is available about them. It is of import to observe that from such early times the theater started to be used for other activities such as a locale for carnival balls. During the regulation of Vilhena, there are no more histories of theatrical composings and public presentations but we do hold the memoirs of Carlo Goldoni which do give us an thou ght of how it felt like to be in the Manoel Theatre. Sequence to Vilhena ‘s regulation was Despuig who ne'er attended the theater for his ain grounds, but after him there was the powerful Grandmaster Manoel de Pinto Fonseca who was so in love with theater and public presentation humanistic disciplines that three yearss after he was elected he attended an opera at the theater. It is cardinal to retrieve that during the eighteenth century Manoel Theatre was one of the really few topographic points where the knights and certain types of people could be entertained. Priests were besides acute on keeping their ain public presentations and dramas, even though at these times they merely accepted work forces to go to their dramas. Grandmaster Pinto de Fonseca went to the theater for the last clip at the age of 92 demoing the great love and regard he had for this type of art. Giovanni Artuffo presented and introduced legion operas by three different composers in the early 1750s. All of their plants were admired by the knights and the Maltese people ( less sophisticated but still enthusiastic about the opera itself ) . Just one or really few non-operatic plants were performed during this period. It is besides noteworthy that the old ages 1768-70 a adult female was given the impresa which happens really seldom, in fact she was the lone adult female to be given such power during that century. Besides, a few old ages subsequently Natale Marini made a program and theoretical account of the theater ‘s interior and phase since the theater was under uninterrupted wear but there is no record demoing renewing work. This century marks the debut of a immature endowment Nicolo Isuoard who was set to go one of Paris ‘ most popular composers of amusing opera subsequently on. In 1796 the Gallic arrived and took over Malta, and Napoleon expelled the Order of St. John from Malta in 1798, so the theater had been leased to four individuals. The invasion of the French caused some immediate jobs since the Italian vocalists and instrumentalists organizing portion of the opera of Manoel Theatre were obliged to remain in Malta, so they wanted an addition in their pay. The monetary values and rewards which were making the jobs were shortly fixed and taken attention of. In September 1798, Nicolo Isouard was appointed commissioner for theatre whilst Pietro Paolo Muscat became the exclusive showman as he bought all the portions. During this period, Manoel Theatre was confronting a batch of jobs and was at a clip of crisis, with the attending at the theater most likely worsening since the vocalists were non being changed and the fort started to lose involvement. With all these debatable state of affairss, Isouard was kept busy most of the clip seeking to happen a solut ion to better the state of affairs. In 1799 the theater got involuntarily involved in a atrocious episode in Maltese history when the Maltese were be aftering to assail and scupper the Gallic within the walls of Valletta itself. Manoel Theatre got involved in the narrative because Vaubois ordered Isouard to set on a show on a Friday ( a twenty-four hours when no operas or comedies were of all time performed ) to move as a distraction for the Gallic. However, the program was discovered and several plotters were executed in the square in forepart of the Magisterial Palace. By the early 1800s, the Italian company had had plenty and did non desire to execute any longer, and so the theater was forced to shut with the going of the Italians from Valletta. Manoel Theatre was so reopened and a important event occurred when it was decided that a Maltese play group was to execute on a regular basis inside the theater. This was rather a important measure in Maltese history. In 1800, the Gallic were driven to a point where they cou ld non shack in Malta any longer, ( with the aid of the British ) so they decided to go forth, taking with them Nicolo Isuardo who was regarded as a treasonist and ne'er to return to Malta. After helping to throw out the Gallic, the British found themselves crowned head of the Maltese Islands. Unfortunately, during the going of the Gallic and the early 1801, no public presentations seem to hold taken topographic point inside Theatre Manoel but at least it was surely used for the organisation of balls since Aeneas Anderson tells us that he attended a public ball at the Opera House during this period. Italian opera is reintroduced one time once more and the public presentations are described as great amusement with merely a few little jobs. Besides the fact that non everyone could come in the theater or take his topographic point was acquiring on some people ‘s nervousnesss. In 1812, George Whitmore of the Royal Engineers was â€Å" to reconstruct the edifice exhaustively, to increase the figure of boxes†¦ and to adorn the full edifice in a modern, simple and elegant manner † . Oakes and Whitmore had a big influence on the aesthetics of the theater as it is nowadays since they did hole and alteration rather a batch of parts. In fact, the tallness of the edifice was raised higher with a new roof being built, the floor of the cavity was re-laid, the brackets were removed and the boxes were opened up for better visibleness, and a 4th grade was added. Besides, the dressing suites for performing artists was increased and the phase enlarged. This resulted in the auditorium holding an egg-shaped form, which is still present with that same form presents. The British made sure to re-introduce theprotettore, which was occupied by a citizen of high standing, and the besides reintroduced the system of naming an showman, with the first showmans being three. Showmans had rather a hazardous concern with the hazard of hardly doing any money since they had provide amusement and public presentations all the clip throughout the whole twelvemonth. These apart from holding to pay the rent, had to engage vocalists and terpsichoreans to come to Malta which could take to economical battles. In fact, during 1817-18 the fundss for Manoel Theatre were so bad that both the rent and the admittance monetary values were reduced. The immature British officers, as were the knights, needed to utilize the free clip they had, so for some of them theatre was their interest. We do hold histories of information about legion dramas in English which were held at the Manuel Theatre such as the celebrated workThe Clandestine Marriageby Colman and Garrick. The nineteenth century besides marks another of import milepost in native Maltese play because dramas started to be performed in Maltese linguistic communication as described by the British officer Anderson. The first full length drama was called ‘Caterina, ix-Xbejba tal-Irdum ‘ . Opera, on the other manus, was deemed as more of import during the British regulation, it was the reigning genre. The figure of new operas to be performed per twelvemonth settled at four and bothopera seriaandopera buffaperformed in the early decennaries. A figure of vocalists were so loved and respected a batch by the audience as were Camilla Darbois and Lorenzo Del Riccio amongs t some others, to the point that they ended up settling in Malta ( as they were foreign ) . One should besides retrieve that during their reign, Manoel theater was used for a figure of great occasions as was done for the return of Governor Sir Thomas Maitland. Subsequently along the nineteenth century, Manoel Theatre had become such a load on the authorities because of showmans and the fact that the theater was now an aged edifice with excessively many fixs to be done, it was agreed that a new opera house ( The Royal Opera house ) was to be built. This led to the Manoel Theatre falling into private custodies when Anacleto Conti decided to purchase Mifsud ‘s half portion and go the exclusive proprietor. By 1866 the Royal Opera House was ready to be used and Manoel Theatre ready to be abandoned for good. Manoel Theatre was besides stripped from its rubric ( Theatre Royal ) and named after the Grandmaster Antonio Manoel de Vilhena. Between 1866 and 1873, Manoel Theatre had its ruin, it was hardly used and when used merely for dramas by Maltese amateurs. Since it was hardly used, no care, fixs or renovating were done and it continued to deteriorate. In 1873, a calamity occurred in Valletta when the Royal Opera House was unluckily destroyed and beyond fix. At least from this calamity, Malta regained back a forgotten treasure, that is the Manoel Theatre. Since operas and dramas urgently needed a moderately good topographic point to be performed, what better pick was at that place than the Manoel Theatre? Conti ( the proprietor of the theater ) could non believe his fortune when his theater started to be used and after some clip besides repaired. What really did salvage the theater from traveling downhill for good was the new genre of theater, called ‘operetta ‘ . Since Manoel Theatre had long been unused as a proper theater, its proprietors had to do a figure of efforts at re-establishing it as an opera house. Fortunately, they managed to set up the theater for a figure of seasons and the plants started to increase, accordingly taking to a successful and positive season. In 1882, Arpa decided to buy the Manoel Theatre from Conti and after some clip realized that something had to be done to vie with the Rjal, so many fixs and redecorations were undertaken. On a positive note, Manoel Theatre had some really successful seasons at the terminal of the 1880s, one of the most of import dramas being‘Birichino Al Teatro‘ . After some old ages, Arpa could non pay back the financess he borrowed from G. Gollcher, and so Gollcher decided to take legal actions and purchase the theater himself. The Gollchers did do some few changes and redecorations for the better since they managed the theater themselves for several more old ages. The MADC, which is a popular play group that formed in 1910 with the amalgamation of two groups of play, used to execute a batch in Manoel Theatre and inspired many other groups. In the twentieth century,‘Romanticismo ‘was repeated a figure of times in the theater and after some clip Manoel Theatre besides became a film but unrecorded theater was non banished. The Second World War did somewhat decelerate down Manoel Theatre, but surprisingly composings were still being shown and people were still go toing the theater to be entertained. The Maltese Government, at that clip Malta Labour Party, decided to purchase back Manoel Theatre so as to continue it and its historical heritage. When the theater was acquired, Vera Lindsay and Richard Southmen were commissioned to give recommendations on the resurgence of the Manoel Theatre. Numerous sum of alterations and changes had to be done so refurbishment started instantly. In 1960 the first Manoel Theatre direction commission was set up and they had to do certain that the gap would be a genuinely great one. Fortunately, the gap was a successful event. Presents, Manoel Theatre has continued to populate up to its outlooks and better since it continues to expose many theatrical productions and public presentations both in the Maltese and English linguistic communication, with opera being basically of import, play, dancing, musical shows, and the one-year MADC Christmas dumb show. The Manoel Theatre has been home to countless famous persons and astonishing endowments such as Joseph Callejla, Boris Christoff, Louis Kenter, John Neville and many others. The theatre direction commission president right now is Michael Grech and the deputy president Kenneth Zammit. The theater besides has a museum ( which shows the history of the topographic point ) , and a gift store. It is astonishing to see that this theater managed to survived through all these old ages, all this history shacking within merely one edifice. It has such great intrinsic value, non merely to us but besides to the whole of Europe, that it should be taken attention of and pr eserved for the longest clip possible.

A.D. (or AD) - How Christianity Underlies our Calendars

A.D. (or AD) - How Christianity Underlies our Calendars AD (or A.D.) is an abbreviation for the Latin expression Anno Domini, which translates to the Year of Our Lord, and equivalent to C.E. (the Common Era). Anno Domini refers to the years which followed the supposed birth year of the philosopher and founder of Christianity, Jesus Christ. For the purposes of proper grammar, the format is properly with the A.D. before the number of the year, so A.D. 2018 means The Year of Our Lord 2018, although it is sometimes placed  before the year as well, paralleling the use of B.C. The choice of starting a calendar with the birth year of Christ was first suggested by a few Christian bishops including Clemens of Alexandria in C.E. 190 and Bishop Eusebius at Antioch, C.E. 314–325. These men labored to discover what year Christ would have been born by using available chronologies, astronomical calculations, and astrological speculation. Dionysius and Dating Christ In 525 C.E., the Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus used the earlier computations, plus additional stories from religious elders, to form a timeline for Christs life. Dionysius is the one credited with the selection of the AD 1 birth date that we use today- although it turns out he was off by some four years. That wasnt really his purpose, but Dionysius called the years that occurred after Christs supposed birth The years of our Lord Jesus Christ or Anno Domini. Dionysiuss real purpose was trying to pin down the day of the year on which it would be proper for Christians to celebrate Easter. (see the article by Teres for a detailed description of Dionysius efforts). Nearly a thousand years later, the struggle to figure out when to celebrate Easter led to the reformation of the original Roman calendar called the Julian Calendar into the one most of the west uses todaythe Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian Reform The Gregorian reform was established in October of 1582  when Pope Gregory XIII published his papal bull Inter Gravissimas. That bull noted that the existing Julian calendar in place since 46 B.C.E. had drifted 12 days off-course. The reason the Julian calendar had drifted so far is detailed in the article on B.C.: but briefly, calculating the exact number of days in a solar year was nearly impossible prior to modern technology, and Julius Caesars astrologists got it wrong by about 11 minutes a year. Eleven minutes isnt too bad for 46 B.C.E., but it was a twelve-day lag after 1,600 years. However, in reality, the main reasons for the Gregorian change to the Julian calendar were political and religious ones. Arguably, the highest holy day in the Christian calendar is Easter, the date of the ascension, when the Christ was said to have been  resurrected from the dead.  The Christian church felt that it had to have a separate celebration day for Easter  than the one originally used by the founding church fathers, at the start of the Jewish Passover.   The Political Heart of Reform The founders of the early Christian church were, of course, Jewish, and they celebrated Christs ascension on the 14th day of Nisan, the date of Passover in the Hebrew calendar, albeit adding a special significance to the traditional sacrifice to the Paschal lamb. But as Christianity gained non-Jewish adherents, some of the communities agitated for separating out Easter from Passover. In 325 C.E., the Council of Christian bishops at Nicea set the annual date of Easter to fluctuate, to fall on the first Sunday after the first full moon occurring on or next after the first day of spring (vernal equinox). That was intentionally complex  because to avoid ever falling on the Jewish Sabbath, Easters date had to be based on the human week (Sunday), the lunar cycle (full moon) and the solar cycle (vernal equinox). The lunar cycle used by the Nicean council was the Metonic cycle, established in the 5th century B.C.E., that showed that new moons appear on the same calendar dates every 19 years. By the sixth century, the ecclesiastical calendar of the Roman church followed that Nicean rule, and indeed, it is still the way the church determines Easter each year. But that meant that the Julian calendar, which had no reference to lunar motions, had to be revised. Reform and Resistance To correct the Julian calendars date slippage, Gregorys astronomers said they had to deduct 11 days out of the year. People were told they were to go to sleep on the day they called September 4th and when they woke up the next day, they should call it September 15th. People did object, of course, but this was only one of numerous controversies slowing acceptance of the Gregorian reform. Competing astronomers argued over the details; almanac publishers took years to adapt- the first was in Dublin 1587. In Dublin, people debated what to do about contracts and leases (do I have to pay for the full month of September?). Many people rejected the papal bull out of hand- Henry VIIIs revolutionary  English reformation had taken place only fifty years earlier. See Prescott for an amusing paper on the problems this momentous change caused everyday people. The Gregorian calendar was better at counting time than the Julian, but most of Europe held off accepting the Gregorian reforms until 1752. For better or worse, the Gregorian calendar with its embedded Christian timeline and mythology is (essentially) what is used in the western world today. Other Common Calendar Designations Islamic: A.H. or AH, meaning Anno Hegirae or in the year of the HijraHebrew: AM or A.M., meaning Year After CreationWestern: BCE or B.C.E., meaning Before the Common EraWestern: CE or C.E., meaning the Common EraChristian-Based Western: BC or B.C., meaning Before ChristScientific: AA or A.A., meaning the Atomic AgeScientific: RCYBP, meaning Radiocarbon Years Before the PresentScientific: BP or B.P., meaning Before the PresentScientific: cal BP, meaning Calibrated Years Before the Present or Calendar Years Before the Present Sources Macey SL. 1990. The Concept of Time in Ancient Rome. International Social Science Review 65(2):72-79.Peters JD. 2009. Calendar, clock, tower. MIT6 Stone and Papyrus: Storage and Transmission. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Prescott AL. 2006. Refusing Translation: The Gregorian Calendar and Early Modern English Writers. The Yearbook of English Studies 36(1):1-11.Taylor T. 2008. Prehistory vs. Archaeology: Terms of Engagement. Journal of World Prehistory 21:1–18.Teres G. 1984. Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus. Journal for the History of Astronomy 15(3):177-188.

Boudicca the Revolt

But despite the obvious Roman agenda that has been intertwined within the recounts of Tacitus and Dio, they remain to be the only credible primary sources of information and provide the most accurate reports of the revolt’s eruption, core and aftermath. Differences and contradictions exist in both accounts of the revolt, with Tacitus harbouring a more lenient attitude towards the British in his collections, ‘Agricola’ and the ‘Annals’. Tacitus suggests that the underlying cause of the revolt was the mistreatment of the Iceni tribe by the Romans following Prasutagus’ death. Tacitus writes in Agricola, ‘the Britons dwelt much amongst themselves on the miseries of subjection†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ introducing the idea that the native’s rights had been suppressed and that the revolt was partly at the fault of the Roman government. Tacitus, in the Annals, proposes that frustration and resentment grew within the Iceni after the Romans ignored Prasutagus’ will to share the rulership of the tribe between the emperor and his two daughters. Instead, Roman officers and slaves alike attacked his kingdom, publicly flogging his wife, Boudicca, and raping his two daughters. Outrage ensued within the humiliated tribe, subsequently leading to the rise of the revolt. Tacitus’ account of the events that led to the revolt display a soft tone of sympathy towards the natives, whilst also openly criticizing and condemning the treatment the Iceni received; thereby providing the most objective viewpoint of the revolt’s roots. On the other hand, Cassius Dio submits other reasons behind the eruption of Boudicca’s revolt in ‘Dio’s Roman History’. Dio introduces the idea that the Iceni were searching for an ‘excuse’ to strengthen the notion that the Romans were tyrants in order to ignite the rebellion and overthrow the invasion, ‘an excuse for the war was found in the confiscation of sums of money that Claudius had given to the foremost Britons. ’ Dio proceeds to propose another possible cause, focusing on the money that Seneca, hoping to garner profit from interest, lent the natives and later demanded back through harsh strategies. However, Dio concludes that ‘the person who was chiefly instrumental in rousing the natives and persuading them to fight†¦ was Boudicca. Dio’s approach to the revolt presents the British tribes as greedy; killing seventy thousand people for the sake of the money that was taken from them. Cassius Dio projects biasness towards Rome in his work, hence the title of his historical collection ‘Dio’s Roman History’. This is especially clear when Dio, in his collection, chooses to overlook the growing frustration amongst the native tribes that was caused by the aggression of the Romans, as suggested by Tacitus and other minority sources. Manda Scott, British author of the ‘Boudicca’ series, agrees that the financial conflicts between the native tribes and Rome were essential to the breakout of the war; however, she insists that the conflicts were because of Roman greed for money, opposing Dio’s insistence on presenting the blame upon the British natives. Tacitus and Dio’s accounts of the revolt bring forth different perspectives in regards to the causes. Yet, both historians have recorded similar information in regards to the events and the aftermath. In Tacitus’ ‘The Annals’, Boudicca’s army destroyed Camulodunum and burnt down the Temple of Claudius – referred to as ‘Citadel of Tyranny’ by Paul Sealey a major symbolic victory for the Trinovantes, whose land was seized for the construction of the temple. The large army then advanced to Londinium, where Suetonius was awaiting them. However, upon contemplation, Suetonius decided to abandon Londinium to its fate on the basis of his army’s numerical inferiority, a decision that was morally criticized by Tacitus, ‘unmoved by lamentations and appeals, Suetonius gave the signal for departure. Tacitus portrays the rebels as barbaric during their campaign, recounting that they ‘could not wait to cut throats, hang, burn and crucify. ’ Similarly, Dio, in ‘Roman History VIII’ also depicts the Britons as savages by describing in detail their methods of torture, ‘They hung up naked the noblest women an d then cut off their breasts†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ After the rebels ravaged Londinium and Verulamium, in an unknown location, Suetonius gathered his army of 10,000 men. Suetonius positioned his men in a position that gave the British the impression that they were trapped, giving the Romans the advantage of deceiving their opponents before an ambush attack. As Boudicca’s army of, according to Dio, 230,000 men encountered the experienced Roman soldiers, Dio writes that Suetonius ‘could not extend his line the whole length of hers†¦ so inferior they were in numbers. ’ For this reason, the army was divided into three bodies, to which Suetonius delivered three speeches of encouragement and comfort, saying, ‘Up, Romans! Show these accursed wretches how far we surpass them†¦ Fear not. Meanwhile, Boudicca also delivered a speech to her army that further fueled their rage, ‘†¦old people are killed, virgins are raped†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ whilst also giving them confidence to fight, ‘they will never face the din and roar of all our thousands’, before ordering them to charge. As the large army charged toward s the Romans, Tacitus writes that Suetonius signaled his men to throw their javelins at the approaching mass. John Nayler, historical consultant, explainss Suetonius’ strategy as to move as one shielded body, so as to act as a defense, whilst those at the front used their short swords to kill attackers. Meanwhile, Tacitus’ account, ‘then, in wedge formation, they burst forward’, supports this theory. As the battle begun and their forces clashed, Dio’s account suggests that the battle was initially even between both sides as the ‘heavy-armed were opposed to the heavy-armed, cavalry crashed with cavalry†¦the barbarians would assail the Romans with a rush of their chariots. ’ However, as events unfolded, order was lost and chaos unfolded, ‘horsemen would overthrow foot-soldier and foot-soldier strike down horseman. Neither Tacitus nor Dio provide further detail other than that the battle continued ‘for a long time’ but ‘finally, late in the day, the Romans prevailed. ’ As many as eighty thousand Britons fell according to Tacitus, but as for the Roman casualties, both historians deliberately give the illusion that the Romans were not massacred in order to maintain the reputation of their victory. There exist co ntradictions between Tacitus and Dio in regards to Boudicca’s fate, with Tacitus claiming that she poisoned herself whilst Dio writes that he died of illness. Manda Scott supports Tacitus’ account, suggesting that this would be the most plausible explanation considering the grief that Boudicca would have experienced after the mass slaughter of her people as well as the loss of her two daughters. Along with the Britons’ defeat and the loss of their leader, they had also suffered from famine due to neglecting their crops that year. As for the aftermath of the revolt within Rome, Tacitus recounts that Suetonius prolonged the war through punitive operations, gaining criticism from Classicianus. These criticisms, in turn, were received by Rome, who had interests to stop the war immediately so as to save resources and lives. Therefore, Nero sent his freedman, Polyclitus, to assess the situation in Britain, resulting in the replacement of Suetonius by Turpilianus in the hopes of improving relations with the natives. To conclude, Boudicca’s revolt, though ending in a military failure, was a spectacular failure that displayed to the Romans the strength and determination of a race that they had seen as inferior. Due to this revolt, which comprised of inexperienced tribesmen and women, the dynamics of the Roman government in Britain had shifted as Nero realized the core importance of maintaining good relations with the tribes. Both Tacitus and Dio have played major roles in retelling the story of Boudicca and the legacy of her political revolution, providing essential information and details that have helped modern historians to study and observe Boudicca and all the events that surrounded her. s

Marketing Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Marketing Environment - Essay Example While some of these factors are easily controllable by the firm, others are difficult or impossible to change and as a result, need to be accommodated in the business decision making. According to Kotler (1999, p. 10), â€Å"A company’s marketing environment consists of the internal factors & forces, which affect the company’s ability to develop & maintain successful transactions & relationships with the company’s target customers.† A business’s marketing environment consists of various internal and external factors. These factors are sub-divided into various micro and macro factors. A business’s internal marketing environment consists of factors such as, machine, workers and employees, equipments, capital and internal operations that guide the internal marketing decisions. Internal marketing environment comprise forces that affect an organization’s ability to cater to the consumers. These factors may include sales representatives, marketing managers, marketing plans, marketing budget, inventory, procedures or logistics (Ferrell and Hartline, 2010). It also includes departments, which are often ignored during the decision making process. For instance, besides the marketing, finance and human resource, the management should also consider other departments such as, research and development, accounting department and personal department, before making any business decisions (Homburg, Workman and Jensen, 2000). A discussion on the various marketing environment factors will help in better evaluation of their influence on marketing decisions undertaken b y a business. External marketing environment factors are further subdivided into macro and micro environment factors. Micro-environmental factors consist of suppliers, marketing intermediaries, consumers and competitors. Suppliers are individuals delivering important resources for producing services and goods. Supplier policies significantly affect marketing decisions of the managers